Worm farming is a fun way to turn your organic waste, like kitchen scraps, into rich fertiliser for your garden in the form of worm castings and worm tea.
Follow our guide below to learn how to make nutritious fertiliser for your garden.
Shopping list
- Tui Worm Farm or Tui Worm Tower
- Tui Worm Farm & Compost Conditioner
- Worm blanket or wool blanket
- Kitchen waste
- Tiger worms
Tui Worm Farm
Setting up your Tui Worm Farm
1. Purchase your Tui Worm Farm from your local DIY or garden centre, or check out some of the guides online to make your own.
2. Choose a shady position for your worm farm and ensure it is easily accessible to feed your scraps straight to the worms.
3. If you have purchased your worm farm, assemble as per the instructions.
4. Once you have your worm farm set up you need worms. You will need about 1000 (250g) worms to get started, and they can be purchased from a garden centre or DIY store, or if you know someone with a worm farm they may be willing to share!
5. Next you need some bedding material for your worm farm. Worm farm kits will usually supply coir brick. Other suitable bedding materials include: shredded newspaper, office paper or cardboard, brown leaves and straw.
6. Add some compost to help get your worm farm started.
7. Add the worms to the top tray and let them settle in.
Feeding your worms
8. Allow your worms a few days to settle into their new home then add a handful of food scraps to the surface area. Your compost worms will eat raw and cooked food and vegetable scraps from your kitchen. Coffee grinds, tea bags, dust from vacuum cleaners and soaked egg cartons can also be added. Chopping up scraps, or even blending them, will make it easier for the worms to eat your leftovers, quickly!
9. Avoid feeding meat, dairy products or bread as these can attract unwanted pests. Onions, citrus peel and tomatoes are very acidic, so are generally not added, however, small amounts can be used as long as they are well mixed in with other food.
10. As a rule of thumb worms eat approximately ½ their body weight in food, so if you start with 250g of worms, you can feed them approximately 125g of food a day.
11. Place a worm blanket or wool blanket on top of the worms to keep the worm farm moist and dark.
Using your worm castings and worm tea
12. Worm farms generally have a tap so you can collect the worm tea in your watering can as it is produced. Water it down to the colour of weak tea before using on your garden. The recommended ratio is 1-10 (10 parts water to 1 part worm tea).
13. While you can collect and use your worm tea at anytime, collecting the castings (or worm poo), will depend on how many worms you have and how active they are. Generally, once the worms have processed the food scraps in the lower tray, you can remove this tray to use the castings in your garden, or collect small amounts to use in potting mix or seed raising mix at other times.
The contents of your worm farm should feel like a damp sponge. If it is too dry, a spray of water on each layer should provide the moisture needed to keep worms in a stable environment.
If your worm farm collects rain, your worms could drown. Move it into a more sheltered position and add shredded newspaper to absorb excess water.
Tui Worm Tower
1. Purchase your Tui Worm Tower from your local DIY or garden centre and assemble as per the instructions.
2. Choose a great spot in the middle of your garden bed for your worm tower and ensure it is easily accessible to feed your scraps straight to the worms. Bury your worm tower into the soil leaving the top flared section exposed.
3. Once you have chosen your spot for your worm tower you will need about 1000 (250g) worms to get started, and they can be purchased from a garden centre or DIY store, or if you know someone with a worm farm they may be willing to share!
4. Next add some bedding material and compost. Bedding materials include: shredded newspaper, office paper or cardboard, brown leaves and straw.
Feeding your worms
5. Allow your worms a few days before adding a handful of food scraps. Your compost worms will eat raw and cooked food and vegetable scraps from your kitchen. Chopping up scraps, or even blending them, will make it easier for the worms to eat your leftovers, quickly!
6. Avoid feeding meat, dairy products or bread. Onions, citrus peel and tomatoes are very acidic, so are generally not added, however, small amounts can be used as long as they are well mixed in with other food. Throw in tea bags, coffee grounds and crushed egg shells, even hair will do the job.
7. As a rule of thumb worms eat approximately ½ their body weight in food, so if you start with 250g of worms, you can feed them approximately 125g of food a day.
8. The worms in the Tui Worm Tower will travel back and forth through the feeding holes to deliver nutrients directly to the soil.
Tui Tip
- The Tui Worm Farm & Compost Conditioner is a specially selected blend of natural minerals to help neutralise acidity and balance pH levels in your Tui Worm Tower. Correct pH levels help worms to digest larger quantities of food waste. In compost, this conditioner promotes efficient conservation of essential nutrients by soil bacteria, and helps increase the availability of nutrients for plants. Follow the directions on packaging for how to use.
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A Beginner's Guide to Worm Farming Comments
Brought tigerworms ,used a small wheelee bin with drainage holes with a open bottom flap ,read instructions as required,had farm for 2 weeks now seems to be not slot happenings,am i being impatient or have i done something wrong.
Roy Cresswell
Hi Roy, ideally worms need bedding to establish. We're not sure what the open bottom flap is for, are the worms escaping? They need to be kept moist and require regular feeding. Food needs to be small rather than big chunks so it is easy for them to break it down. Ensure the worm farm does not get too hot as this will ‘cook’ the worms. Check out our worm farming guide here for more information.
Tui Team
love the beginners guide to worm farming. very easy read
Alaina Wirangi
That's great to hear Alaina, thanks for sharing this feedback. Happy spring gardening!
Tui Team
Hi, I've had my worm farm for a few years now and it's been mostly pretty successful. However, I've just noticed quite a few slugs in my worm farm! Should I pick them out? Will they eat the worms? Also, when I drain the worm juice out, there seems to be quite a few dead worms coming out of the tap too. Any ideas why they are making their way to the bottom and not top? Thanks, Sally
Sally Park
Hi Sally, is your worm farm too hot and in a really sunny position? The worms are heading to the bottom as they are trying to get cool. Add some bedding to the top layer (damp newspaper, cardboard) to encourage the worms upwards. Is the worm farm food too dry? Add a little moisture if it is. Happy worm farming ^Tui Team
Tui Team
Hi there, Thanks for the introduction. I have bought a small worm farm for under the sink. Now I realised that the holes on the lid are not covered i.e. by mesh. I am worried about both- worms escaping and attracting unwanted visitors such as cockroaches. Can you please advise what to do? Thanks :)
Kathryn
Hi Kathryn, we suggest you purchase a fine mesh to fit over the container or use nylon pantyhose. You are correct in thinking that fruit flies and other small insects will find their way in to the bin.
Tui Team
What ratio of worm oil to water do I use?
Pam Winthrop
Hi Pam, water the worm tea down until it is the colour of weak tea :)
Tui Team
We have found some red worms in our compost bin, can they be used to make a worm farm?
Joanne McPherson
Red worms, also known as Tiger worms are compost worms and they are ideal for worm farms. They don't live in garden soil, but in rotting organic matter. Tiger worms are typically used in worm farms as they have a big appetite and reduce organic matter quickly.
Tui Team
Hi I bought into a worm farm kit from mitre 10 mega and it doesn’t include a worm blanket. Are they meant to still have warm blankets on them because the instructions assumes that I have one from the kit.
Dominika White
Hi Dominika, thanks for getting in touch. If the kit you purchased included a sticker with 'free extras inside' it would have come with a worm blanket and compost & worm farm conditioner inside. This was a spring promo product only with the free extras included, the usual kit doesn't have a blanket included. Worm blankets are however available at Bunnings or you can use old woollen carpet, a woollen blanket or thick damp cardboard - the idea is to keep the farm cool and moist. Happy gardening from the Tui Team.
Tui Team
My worm farm has developed a whit fungus looking growth which seems to be spreading over it. I put lime on it also use the worm compost I bought a new worm blanket for it as it seem to completely cover the old one. What should I do?
Faye Bly
Hi Faye, white bits in the worm farm are a sign that the conditions are acidic, applying lime is the right thing to do. Make sure you are not over feeding the worms and only feeding them what they can eat. Chop the scraps up a bit for them to breakdown quicker. Shred some newspaper or cardboard and put that in the worm farm for the worms and the balance should come right.
Tui Team
I have read online that the leachate worm tea is bad for plants as it is full of anerobic bacteria. Apparently the "real" way to use worm tea is to brew it using the castings, molasses and air pump! Any thoughts as to what is the truth?
Warren Mah
Gardeners have used worm juice (tea) on their gardens diluted at a 1-10 ratio for years with great success. Leachate and worm juice tea are not the same thing. Worm tea is a light amber liquid that comes from the worm farm, it is aerobic and has been through the gut of healthy worms. Leachate is a dark, sometimes foul smelling liquid that has not been through the gut of healthy worms and so contains bacteria that is not safe. This liquid is anaerobic and is a tell tale sign that the eco system within the worm farm is out of balance and more bedding needs to be added or the worms fed less. Leachate can be used on non edible plants at a dilute ratio of 1-2, as long as there are no edible plants in the garden.
Tui Team
Populate the farm with Red Wigglers This part is fairly simple: simply add the worms to your container. Don’t worry too much about putting too many (or not enough) into the farm, as the worms will self-regulate their population fairly quickly.
Stremove.com
The worm casings themselves are the result of the digestive process the worms go through. The material itself naturally mixes into the soil of the worm farm, producing the highly valued fertilizer.
Stremove.com
Hi. My worms are doing a great job and the top part of the tower is getting full, so the lid isn't closing properly. In the pamphlet which came with the tower it told me what to do, but unfortunately I have misplaced it.
ANNETTE
Hi Annette, once the worm tower is full you can either dig it out and move it to another site leaving all of the organic matter and worms behind or scoop out the organic matter (using a gloved hand is best) and dig this into the garden. You will remove worms in doing this but it won’t matter as more will migrate to the tower when you start adding scraps to the tower. Click here for instructions on how to set up your worm tower
Tui Team
Hi Tui, I have flies in my worm farm, what's the best way to manage this and reduce the flies?
Deirdre Johnson
Hi Diedre, the worm farm should be fly-proof, small flies may be able to get in, make sure the lid is on securely. Be sure to only feed plant based material to your worms, such as vegetable and fruit scraps and peelings, tea bags, coffee grounds, egg shells, vacuum cleaner dust, cardboard and paper soaked in water first. Do not add dairy, oil or meat products as this attracts flies. Make sure the food is chopped up so that the worms can digest it quickly, only feed them as fast as they consumer the scraps, maybe every 2-3 days. Add a layer of soil over the food scraps and place a worm blanket or layer of damp cardboard or newspaper over the top to help keep flies out. Add lime or Tui Worm Farm and Compost Conditioner to the worm farm to help speed up the break down of the organic material. The Tui Team.
The Tui Team
I am only using the 1 working tray at the moment. When do I add the next tray to the worm farm?
Rachel Millington
Hi Rachel, it takes about 3-6 months to fill up the first tray, when it gets to approximately 3/4 full, stop placing food in the first working tray. Prepare the second working tray by placing bedding down, either more coir, compost, soil, damp shredded newspaper, damp cardboard. Place chopped up vegetable scraps in the second working tray and place on top of the collector tray (with the tap). Place the first working tray on top, the worms will find their way to the new food source and you can use the nutrient rich castings they have created, give them a week or so to move, before using the castings. Make sure once the worms have moved you cover them with damp newspaper, cardboard or woollen carpet to keep them cool and damp.
The Tui Team
My worm farm seems to be taking a long time. I’ve had it since last winter and added donated worms, and set up as per instructions. During summer more worms have been added. It always seems to remain 3/4 full. I blend their food and added plenty of moistened paper/card material too. How will they travel further up at 3/4 full if they cant touch the next level?
Camellia Yuen
Hi, is there any garden waste that can't be used in the worm bin? We have lots of dried fern fronds I was hoping to use as bedding. Thanks.
Sally
Hi Sally, I assume you are referring to bracken fern? It could be used as bedding but would need other bedding placed on top such as compost or top soil. It is unlikely to break down easily, worm farm bedding needs to be moist and damp, bracken fern is likely to be too coarse. Give it a go and see if it works, you will quickly find out if it isn't suitable, the main thing is that worms need a moist environment.
The Tui Team
Hi, I have had a worm farm for several years. This year slaters have moved in - hundreds of them - they seem to be breeding in the worm farm. The worms don't appear to be bothered by them. Any suggestions on how I can get rid of the slaters?
Sarah Roil
Hi Sara, the slaters aren't doing any harm, they are good guys in the garden and are helping the worms break down the organic matter in the worm farm. To remove them try placing an empty cardboard toilet roll filled with potato peelings into the worm farm, hopefully they will go in there and you can remove it and place them somewhere else. Or, try half an orange hollowed out, they will feed on that and you can remove it along with the slaters. Another trick would be to place damp corrugated cardboard or newspaper over the layer of food in the worm farm then remove, hopefully with the slaters attached. I hope these suggestions are helpful.
Lianne
I've had 2 small worm farms in my existing gardens since late summer last. I have noticed the plants in place, early cabbage and broccoli, taking off much better than previous years.
Colin T
Hi Colin, that is great, happy worms and a happy garden!
Lianne
Hi, is it safe to water strawberries and lettuces with diluted worm tea? Thanks.
Anna Brown
Hi Anna, it is safe to use worm tea on strawberries and lettuce, in fact, all garden plants will benefit from nutrient rich worm tea. Use at a rate of 10 parts water to 1 part worm tea, so, 100ml of worm tea to 1 litre of water. Use the solution all at once, do not store as it will start smelling.
Lianne
My top tray is now full of worms and worm castings, how to I encourage the worms to go into the other tray so I can harvest the worm castings without killing the worms. If I use the worm castings now all the worms will be in it.
Sandra Phyllis McDonald
Hi Sandra, stop feeding the worms in the full working tray. Place some bedding in the empty tray underneath the full working tray and use shredded newspaper, cardboard, compost, garden soil or coir as bedding. Start placing the food in the empty tray, the worms will migrate to the tray where the food is. This could take a week to 10 days, tiger worms do not last long without food. Remove the full tray, use the castings, wash the tray, wait until the next tray is full and repeat.
Lianne
So I have been feeding my worms, but what do I do when the farm is full & how to harvest?
Tony Winter
Hi Tony, once the working tray is 3/4 full stop feeding the worms and place the second working tray on top of the full tray, place new bedding down such as cardboard, shredded newspaper, coir block, compost or garden soil, place the food on the bedding and the worms will start moving to the new working tray. Once they have moved you can then use the worm castings on your garden. Wash out and clean the emptied working tray and repeat the process once the second tray is 3/4 full.
Lianne
I've set up a Tui worm farm yesterday but I can't find in the instructions what to use the blanket for and should it be moist?
Gerie
Hi Gerie, once the worm farm is set up and you have placed the bedding, food and worms into the working tray, place the blanket on top and put the lid in place. Lift the blanket every time you place more food in the worm farm and replace it over the worms and food. It is very important that the worms stay moist at all times, the blanket helps do this. The worms will eventually eat through the blanket, when they do replace it with damp cardboard, an old piece of woolen carpet, blanket or damp newspaper. The worm farm blanket does not need to be wet before putting it in place.
Lianne
I have a couple of questions: I have had a reasonably successful worm farm for a couple of years now but am still unsure when and how much lime to add. When I add the lime, should I be adding/sprinkling water as well, and when I empty the worm castings and compost is there a way to salvage the worms - there seem to be so many of them that land up in the garden. Also, are the little white specks all over the compost and food when you turn it over, baby worms, or is this a pest and something I need to deal with? Thanks.
Helen
Hi Helen, if you have a two tiered worm farm system you can move the worms so that you can use the castings without losing your worms. Once the working tray is full, stop feeding the worms in the full tray and place bedding and food in the second working tray. The worms will migrate to the tray with the food and you will be able to empty it onto the garden, wash the tray ready for when the second working tray is full. If you don't have a tiered system place the food on one side of the worm farm, the worms will move to the food and you can empty out the castings half at a time. The small white specks are not baby worms, they are called entrachyadids, they are not harmful to the worms but do indicate that the worm farm pH is acidic, worm farms need to be at a neutral pH of around 7. You can use the Tui Worm Farm and Compost Conditioner to adjust the pH of your worm farm, 1 teaspoon a week sprinkled over the food should be sufficient, or you can use garden lime or dolomite lime, sprinkle 1/4 - 1/2 cup of on top of the food every 4-8 weeks, there should be no need to water in if there is enough moisture in the worm farm, if you think you need to add moisture sprinkle water over the top, not too much as you don't want the worm farm to be wet.
Lianne
I set my worm farm up with all 3 bins and was expecting the soil to move down but on reading I see that I should place the empty tray on top for the worms to move up leaving the middle tray ready to use on the garden. Is this correct. I have never seen this in any instructions before??
Elly
Hi Elly, when the worm farm is set up you have a collector tray that has the tap and the legs, this is where the liquid accumulates. Then you place a working tray on top, lay the bedding, place the food and the worms in the working tray and cover with damp cardboard or newspaper (or a worm blanket if you have one) and feed every 2-3 days, depending upon how quickly the worms consume the food, they are slower in winter, faster in summer. Once the working tray is 3/4 full stop feeding the worms for a week to ensure all of the food is consumed. Place the bedding and food into the second working tray, the worms will migrate to the food, it will take about a week, and then you can empty the first working tray into the garden, clean it ready for when the second working tray is full.
Lianne
Hi There, I have just setup a Worm Cafe worm farm and the instructions say to flush out the worm farm on a weekly basis with at least 5 litres of water to keep it moist however I have not seen this anywhere else in the research that I have done. Also my red wriglers are climbing up the inner lid and then some of the fall out. Others are going to the bottom tray and then I have to relocate them back in. Any tips? There is worm bedding i.e the original coir block that came with the set as well as food and being winter the bin is not too hot? Thanks
Deonette
Hi Donette, the reason worm farms need flushing is because excess water builds up, this is called leachate. Leachate is water that hasn't gone through the gut of the worm and is a dark colour in the collector tray, which becomes stagnant and smelly. This is why worm farms need flushing, it isn't to keep the worms moist as there should be enough moisture in the food they are given every 2-3 days. It is important to keep the worm farm damp, if you can squeeze water out of the bedding, then it is too wet, add either Tui Worm Farm & Compost Conditioner, garden soil, compost or shredded newspaper to help absorb some of the moisture. Worms will escape if there is not enough food, or the bedding and food is too dry and also if it is too wet, they will wander if it is too hot and also if it is too cold, make sure the worm farm is in a warm sunny spot, but in summer it may need moving into the shade. You may only need to flush your worm farm every two weeks or every month, it depends how quickly your worms eat the food scraps. It is all about finding the right balance.
Lianne